# ImmigrationDB > Source-backed migration data for people and AI agents. Snapshot: approved-static-8c96542830febf0d. ## Start here - [Home](https://immigrationdb.com/) - [Countries](https://immigrationdb.com/countries/) - [Cities](https://immigrationdb.com/cities/) - [Visas](https://immigrationdb.com/visas/) - [Reports](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/) - [Salary calculators](https://immigrationdb.com/calculators/) — take-home pay after tax for 32 countries - [Source terms register](https://immigrationdb.com/data/source-terms.json) — what each publisher allows for display, bulk, feeds and training; the MCP feeds withhold a value its publisher's terms do not allow - Region pages: `/countries/{country_slug}/{region}/` — the published cities of one region with population, rent, salary, unemployment and PM2.5; JSON and Markdown at `/data/regions/{country}/{region}.json` and `.md` (e.g. [Bavaria](https://immigrationdb.com/countries/germany/bavaria/)) - [Compact data catalog](https://immigrationdb.com/data/catalog.json) - [Full compatibility route manifest](https://immigrationdb.com/data/catalog-routes.json) — fetch routes.html and routes.data for the complete inventory - [City shard index](https://immigrationdb.com/data/cities/index.json) - [MCP catalog](https://immigrationdb.com/data/mcp/catalog.json) - [MCP index](https://immigrationdb.com/mcp/index.json) - [API catalog](https://immigrationdb.com/.well-known/api-catalog) — RFC 9727 linkset; the same surfaces, reachable from the well-known path alone - [Metric dictionary](https://immigrationdb.com/data/metrics.json) — metric definitions, units and coverage ## Machine surfaces Every entity publishes three twins at predictable paths. `{country}` is a lowercase ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code. The full fact set is published as one file, `/mcp/query/facts.ndjson`; the per-entity files are the twins below. - City: `/cities/{country}/{slug}/` (HTML) · `/data/cities/{country}/{slug}.json` · `/data/cities/{country}/{slug}.md` - Country: `/countries/{country_slug}/` · `/data/countries/{country}.json` · `/data/countries/{country}.md` - Report: `/reports/{slug}/` · `/data/reports/{slug}.json` · `/data/reports/{slug}.md` - Passport: `/visas/passport/{passport}/` · `/data/visa/passport/{passport}.json` · `/data/visa/passport/{passport}.md` - Take-home pay: `/calculators/take-home-pay/{country_slug}/` · `/data/calculators/{country}.json` (the OECD model) · `/data/calculators/{country}.md` - Country city index: `/data/cities/{country}.json`; all shards: `/data/cities/index.json` - MCP city shard: `/mcp/cities/{country}.json`; a large country is split into parts, `/mcp/cities/{country}-1.json`, `-2` … (Germany and the United States today): `/mcp/index.json` lists every shard file under `city_page_shards[].path` - MCP query index: `/mcp/query/index.json`; offset-addressable facts: `/mcp/query/facts.ndjson`; country and metric partitions are linked from the query index. - The Markdown twin opens with YAML front matter (entity id, sibling URLs, snapshot, fact count) and carries one fact table with `metric_id`, value, scope, dates, freshness tier, evidence lane and source URL. - Every HTML page links both twins with ``, so the machine record is one hop from any page. ## MCP access - MCP release: 0.3.0; current protocol: 2026-07-28; retained legacy protocol: 2025-11-25; public endpoint: https://immigrationdb.com/mcp. - Direct download, no runtime: the MCP index at `/mcp/index.json`, bounded query index at `/mcp/query/index.json`, fact lines at `/mcp/query/facts.ndjson` and `/mcp/cities/{country}.json` shards; every artifact and its size is listed at /data/mcp/. - Public endpoint: `https://immigrationdb.com/mcp` — read-only Streamable HTTP, no key, no account; a per-client request limit keeps it fair. - Protocol versions: `2026-07-28` (current) and `2025-11-25` (retained); server release 0.3.0. - Local transports for development: read-only stdio and Streamable HTTP on loopback `/mcp`. ## Current MCP tools - `search_destinations`: Search admitted ImmigrationDB country and city identities with bounded cursor pagination. - `get_city`: Get one admitted city with canonical URL, claim-level facts and source metadata. Required arguments are exactly `country` (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2) and `slug` (the canonical city slug, e.g. "berlin" — not the display name). - `get_country`: Get one admitted country page record and official visa-route handoffs. It takes exactly one argument: `cc`, the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code (e.g. "de") — not `country`. - `search_visa_routes`: Search admitted destination visa and residence routes without inventing missing eligibility data. - `get_legal_route`: Get one admitted legal-route record with its official source. - `search_entry_rules`: Search passport entry rules from the published record; unknown and unavailable decisions remain explicit. - `get_entry_rule`: Get one passport entry rule using the canonical legal/entry URI identity. - `list_reports`: List public ImmigrationDB reports by optional category with bounded cursor pagination. - `get_report`: Get one public report envelope with canonical and machine-resource URLs. - `resolve_city`: Resolve a natural-language city query to bounded ranked public candidates without silently selecting an ambiguous country. - `get_city_fact`: Return exactly one public city fact with value, unit, geographic grain, dates, source and snapshot provenance. Required arguments are exactly `country` (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2), `slug` (canonical city slug, not the display name) and `metric_id`. - `list_metrics`: List reviewed metric definitions and observed public snapshot coverage with bounded filters and pagination. - `list_blocks`: List stable reviewed metric blocks with observed metric, fact and country coverage. - `compare_cities`: Compare canonical public cities on compatible metric definitions with provenance for every cell. - `search_facts`: Run bounded deterministic numeric filters over eligible public city facts with explicit counts and provenance. ## Query recipes - Population of Berlin: call `resolve_city` with `{ "query": "Berlin, Germany", "limit": 5 }` when needed, then `get_city_fact` with `{ "country": "de", "slug": "berlin", "metric_id": "population_total" }`. - Compare Berlin and Munich population: call `compare_cities` with canonical `de/berlin` and `de/munich` references and `metric_ids: ["population_total"]`; omit incompatible cells with their reasons. - German cities above 100,000: call `search_facts` with an AND filter on `population_total`, explicit `sort_metric`, `sort_order` and `limit`; use `page.total` and cursor metadata. - Discover definitions first: call `list_blocks`, then `list_metrics` with `query`, country and `comparison_eligible` filters before comparing facts. ## Release counts - Countries: 39 registry rows; 39 published country pages. - Cities: 27750 published city pages; 1118 additional source-backed city records remain data-only. - Reports: 237 source-backed report pages. - Visa: 7528 accepted passport rules; 379 route pages. ## Provenance and boundaries - Facts must retain value, unit, geographic grain, observed/verified dates, source URL and snapshot ID. - Unknown, provisional, incomplete or data-only rows are not promoted and no missing value is synthesized. - Comparisons require compatible definitions, units, periods and geographic grain; no implicit conversion is performed. - Legal, tax and medical records are reference information; verify the linked authority before acting. ## Licence and attribution - The ImmigrationDB compilation is free to use, redistribute, adapt and use commercially under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). No account, key, quota or payment. - Attribution when reusing or quoting: `ImmigrationDB (https://immigrationdb.com), CC BY 4.0, compiled from the cited official sources`. - Underlying official publishers keep their own terms; every row and page names its source and links to it directly, so pass that reference through with the value. - Full reuse terms: https://immigrationdb.com/about/copyright/ · Who publishes this and how it is funded: https://immigrationdb.com/about/ ## Reports ### Climate Environment - [Cities meeting the WHO PM2.5 annual guideline](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/cities-meeting-who-pm25-guideline/): Published cities whose annual PM2.5 mean is at or below the WHO 2021 guideline of 5 µg/m³. Values come from official measurement networks with the observation date retained. - [Cities with cleanest air in Australia](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/australia-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Australia cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Austria](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/austria-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Austria cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Belgium](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/belgium-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Belgium cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Bulgaria](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/bulgaria-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Bulgaria cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Canada](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/canada-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Canada cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Cyprus](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/cyprus-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Cyprus cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Czechia](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/czechia-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Czechia cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Denmark](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/denmark-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Denmark cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Finland](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/finland-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Finland cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in France](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/france-cities-with-cleanest-air/): France cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Germany](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/germany-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Germany cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Greece](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/greece-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Greece cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Hungary](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/hungary-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Hungary cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Ireland](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/ireland-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Ireland cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Italy](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/italy-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Italy cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Japan](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/japan-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Japan cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Lithuania](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/lithuania-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Lithuania cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Netherlands](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/netherlands-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Netherlands cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in New Zealand](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/new-zealand-cities-with-cleanest-air/): New Zealand cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Norway](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/norway-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Norway cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Poland](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/poland-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Poland cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Portugal](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/portugal-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Portugal cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Romania](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/romania-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Romania cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Slovakia](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/slovakia-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Slovakia cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Spain](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/spain-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Spain cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Sweden](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/sweden-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Sweden cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in Switzerland](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/switzerland-cities-with-cleanest-air/): Switzerland cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in United Kingdom](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/united-kingdom-cities-with-cleanest-air/): United Kingdom cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with cleanest air in United States](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/united-states-cities-with-cleanest-air/): United States cities ranked by annual PM2.5 concentration, not by current readings. - [Cities with the highest published annual rainfall](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/cities-with-the-most-rainfall/): Published monthly precipitation normals totalled into an annual figure, ranked highest first. Every value comes from one national meteorological service and keeps its own source and period. - [Cities with the hottest summers](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/cities-with-the-hottest-summers/): The warmest month of each city's published monthly normals, ranked hottest first. This is an average daytime high for that month, not an all-time record temperature. - [Cities with the lowest annual NO2](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/cities-with-lowest-no2/): Published annual nitrogen-dioxide observations ranked from lowest to highest using one unit and metric. - [Cities with the lowest annual PM2.5](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/cities-with-lowest-pm25/): Published annual PM2.5 observations in µg/m³, ranked from lowest to highest without mixing current readings. - [Cities with the lowest published annual rainfall](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/cities-with-the-least-rainfall/): Published monthly precipitation normals totalled into an annual figure, ranked lowest first. Low rainfall is not the same as few rainy days; the total says nothing about how it is spread through the year. - [Cities with the mildest winters](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/cities-with-the-mildest-winters/): The coldest month of each city's published monthly normals, ranked warmest first. This is an average night-time low for that month, not the coldest night on record. - [Cities with the most published annual sunshine](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/cities-with-the-most-sunshine/): Published monthly sunshine normals totalled into annual hours, ranked highest first. Sunshine hours are not relabelled as sunny days. - [Cities with the strongest published PM2.5 and NO2 combination](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/cities-with-cleanest-air/): Cities with both annual PM2.5 and annual NO2 are compared using a transparent average of their lower-is-better percentile ranks. The two original values and sources remain visible. - [German cities with the lowest annual NO2](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/germany-cities-lowest-no2/): German cities ranked by the official Umweltbundesamt annual nitrogen-dioxide mean, lowest first. - [German cities with the lowest annual PM2.5](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/germany-cities-lowest-pm25/): German cities ranked by the official Umweltbundesamt annual PM2.5 mean, lowest first. - [Major cities where the modelled January mean stays above freezing](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/major-cities-january-mean-above-freezing/): Large admitted cities whose NASA POWER 2001–2020 coordinate-grid January mean is above 0°C. This is a consistent modelled comparison, not a guarantee that every winter day stays above zero. - [Major cities with the coldest modelled January mean](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/major-cities-coldest-modelled-january/): The same NASA POWER 2001–2020 coordinate-grid layer ranked from the lowest January mean. Exact station and neighbourhood conditions can differ. - [Major cities with the highest modelled annual precipitation](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/major-cities-highest-modelled-annual-precipitation/): Annual precipitation is derived from the NASA POWER climatological daily rate × 365.25. It is not a rainy-day count. - [Major cities with the highest modelled solar exposure](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/major-cities-highest-modelled-solar-exposure/): NASA POWER annual mean daily surface shortwave energy in kWh/m²/day. This is a consistent solar-exposure metric and is not relabelled as sunny days. - [Major cities with the hottest modelled July mean](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/major-cities-hottest-modelled-july/): The same NASA POWER 2001–2020 coordinate-grid layer ranked by July mean temperature, with period and grid scope shown for every city. - [Major cities with the lowest modelled annual precipitation](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/major-cities-lowest-modelled-annual-precipitation/): The same derived NASA POWER annual precipitation layer ranked low to high. Low millimetres do not mean few rainy days. - [Major cities with the lowest modelled solar exposure](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/major-cities-lowest-modelled-solar-exposure/): NASA POWER annual mean daily surface shortwave energy ranked low to high. The report does not infer cloud-free or sunny-day counts. - [Regions and station proxies with the mildest published January temperature](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/mildest-published-january-regions/): Comparable January temperature rows across the currently published Denmark and Latvia regional/station layer. The table names the geographic grain explicitly. - [South Korean cities with the lowest annual PM2.5](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/south-korea-lowest-pm25/): South Korean city observations ranked by official annual PM2.5 concentration without mixing current readings or units. - [Warmest published cities and hubs](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/warmest-published-cities-across-current-coverage/): Published annual mean temperatures across countries, with the source date and geographic grain retained for every row. ### Cost - [Cheapest cities to rent in Australia](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/australia-cheapest-cities-to-rent/): Australia cities ranked by one published rent series; per-square-metre rent is preferred, otherwise monthly dwelling rent is used without mixing the two. - [Cheapest cities to rent in Belgium](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/belgium-cheapest-cities-to-rent/): Belgium cities ranked by one published rent series; per-square-metre rent is preferred, otherwise monthly dwelling rent is used without mixing the two. - [Cheapest cities to rent in Bulgaria](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/bulgaria-cheapest-cities-to-rent/): Bulgaria cities ranked by one published rent series; per-square-metre rent is preferred, otherwise monthly dwelling rent is used without mixing the two. - [Cheapest cities to rent in Denmark](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/denmark-cheapest-cities-to-rent/): Denmark cities ranked by one published rent series; per-square-metre rent is preferred, otherwise monthly dwelling rent is used without mixing the two. - [Cheapest cities to rent in France](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/france-cheapest-cities-to-rent/): France cities ranked by one published rent series; per-square-metre rent is preferred, otherwise monthly dwelling rent is used without mixing the two. - [Cheapest cities to rent in Germany](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/germany-cheapest-cities-to-rent/): Germany cities ranked by one published rent series; per-square-metre rent is preferred, otherwise monthly dwelling rent is used without mixing the two. - [Cheapest cities to rent in Japan](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/japan-cheapest-cities-to-rent/): Japan cities ranked by one published rent series; per-square-metre rent is preferred, otherwise monthly dwelling rent is used without mixing the two. - [Cheapest cities to rent in New Zealand](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/new-zealand-cheapest-cities-to-rent/): New Zealand cities ranked by one published rent series; per-square-metre rent is preferred, otherwise monthly dwelling rent is used without mixing the two. - [Cheapest cities to rent in Poland](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/poland-cheapest-cities-to-rent/): Poland cities ranked by one published rent series; per-square-metre rent is preferred, otherwise monthly dwelling rent is used without mixing the two. - [Cheapest cities to rent in Portugal](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/portugal-cheapest-cities-to-rent/): Portugal cities ranked by one published rent series; per-square-metre rent is preferred, otherwise monthly dwelling rent is used without mixing the two. - [Cheapest cities to rent in Slovenia](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/slovenia-cheapest-cities-to-rent/): Slovenia cities ranked by one published rent series; per-square-metre rent is preferred, otherwise monthly dwelling rent is used without mixing the two. - [Cheapest cities to rent in Spain](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/spain-cheapest-cities-to-rent/): Spain cities ranked by one published rent series; per-square-metre rent is preferred, otherwise monthly dwelling rent is used without mixing the two. - [Cheapest cities to rent in Sweden](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/sweden-cheapest-cities-to-rent/): Sweden cities ranked by one published rent series; per-square-metre rent is preferred, otherwise monthly dwelling rent is used without mixing the two. - [Cheapest cities to rent in Switzerland](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/switzerland-cheapest-cities-to-rent/): Switzerland cities ranked by one published rent series; per-square-metre rent is preferred, otherwise monthly dwelling rent is used without mixing the two. - [Cheapest cities to rent in United States](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/united-states-cheapest-cities-to-rent/): United States cities ranked by one published rent series; per-square-metre rent is preferred, otherwise monthly dwelling rent is used without mixing the two. - [Countries with the lowest published groceries and utilities total](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-lowest-published-household-essentials/): A like-for-like country comparison using the current monthly groceries and utilities fields in euros. Rent and application fees are not included. - [Countries with the lowest published household electricity price](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-lowest-published-household-electricity-price/): Country comparison of the current reusable household electricity price in euros per kWh, without mixing commercial tariffs or application costs. - [Highest reference rents in Germany](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/germany-highest-reference-rents/): German cities with the highest published official rent-index (Mietspiegel-family) values per square metre. Asking-rent estimates are excluded from this official-index ranking. - [Lowest reference rents in Germany](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/germany-lowest-reference-rents/): German cities with the lowest published reusable rent-per-square-metre values, each shown with its source and the area it was measured for. - [US cities with the lowest median gross rent](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/us-cities-lowest-gross-rent/): US city records ranked by ACS median gross monthly rent, without converting it into an affordability score. ### Demographics - [Cities with the highest foreign-population share](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/cities-with-highest-foreign-population-share/): Published cities ranked by the share of foreign residents using one percentage metric. - [Cities with the largest foreign populations](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/cities-with-largest-foreign-populations/): Published city records ranked by the official number of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [Countries ranked by life expectancy](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-ranked-by-life-expectancy/): Life expectancy at birth, in years, for the 39 published destinations. It is a population-level average, not a prediction for any individual. - [Largest cities in Australia](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/australia-largest-cities/): Australia cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Austria](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/austria-largest-cities/): Austria cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Belgium](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/belgium-largest-cities/): Belgium cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Bulgaria](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/bulgaria-largest-cities/): Bulgaria cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Canada](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/canada-largest-cities/): Canada cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Cyprus](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/cyprus-largest-cities/): Cyprus cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Czechia](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/czechia-largest-cities/): Czechia cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Denmark](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/denmark-largest-cities/): Denmark cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Finland](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/finland-largest-cities/): Finland cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in France](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/france-largest-cities/): France cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Germany](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/germany-largest-cities/): Germany cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Greece](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/greece-largest-cities/): Greece cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Hungary](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/hungary-largest-cities/): Hungary cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in ImmigrationDB](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/largest-cities-in-immigrationdb/): The largest published city records by official population, with one source and observation date per row. - [Largest cities in Ireland](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/ireland-largest-cities/): Ireland cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Italy](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/italy-largest-cities/): Italy cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Japan](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/japan-largest-cities/): Japan cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Lithuania](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/lithuania-largest-cities/): Lithuania cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Netherlands](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/netherlands-largest-cities/): Netherlands cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in New Zealand](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/new-zealand-largest-cities/): New Zealand cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Norway](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/norway-largest-cities/): Norway cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Poland](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/poland-largest-cities/): Poland cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Portugal](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/portugal-largest-cities/): Portugal cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Romania](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/romania-largest-cities/): Romania cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Slovakia](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/slovakia-largest-cities/): Slovakia cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Slovenia](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/slovenia-largest-cities/): Slovenia cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in South Korea](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/south-korea-largest-cities/): South Korean municipalities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Spain](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/spain-largest-cities/): Spain cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Sweden](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/sweden-largest-cities/): Sweden cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in Switzerland](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/switzerland-largest-cities/): Switzerland cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in United Kingdom](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/united-kingdom-largest-cities/): United Kingdom cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Largest cities in United States](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/united-states-largest-cities/): United States cities ranked by their own published resident population. - [Least densely populated cities](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/least-densely-populated-cities/): Published cities with the lowest official population density, retaining the source date and geographic scope. - [Least populous countries in the current ImmigrationDB coverage](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/least-populous-countries-in-current-coverage/): A country-level population comparison limited to the 39 destinations currently published by ImmigrationDB, using the latest 2025 World Bank observations. - [Most densely populated cities](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/most-densely-populated-cities/): Published cities ranked by official population density using one people-per-square-kilometre metric. - [Most densely populated cities in South Korea](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/south-korea-most-densely-populated-cities/): South Korean municipalities ranked by official population density in people per square kilometre. - [Most populous countries in the current ImmigrationDB coverage](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/most-populous-countries-in-current-coverage/): A country-level population comparison limited to the 39 destinations currently published by ImmigrationDB, using the latest 2025 World Bank observations. - [South Korean cities with the highest foreign-population share](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/south-korea-highest-foreign-population-share/): South Korean municipalities ranked by the same-period share of registered foreign residents. - [South Korean cities with the largest foreign populations](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/south-korea-largest-foreign-populations/): South Korean municipalities ranked by the official number of registered foreign residents. ### Health - [Cities with the highest physician coverage](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/cities-with-most-physicians/): Physicians per 100,000 residents ranked from verified observations with geographic scope retained. - [Countries ranked by hospital beds per 1,000 people](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-ranked-by-hospital-beds-per-1000/): Total hospital beds per 1,000 people from OECD and Eurostat health statistics. It is a national capacity measure, not a promise of local availability or access for an individual patient. - [Countries ranked by practising physicians per 1,000 people](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-ranked-by-physicians-per-1000/): Practising physicians per 1,000 people from OECD and Eurostat health statistics. It describes national workforce capacity, not whether a newcomer can register with a doctor in a particular city. - [South Korean cities with the most doctors](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/south-korea-most-doctors/): South Korean municipalities ranked by official doctors per 1,000 residents; the source-native unit is retained. - [South Korean cities with the most hospital beds](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/south-korea-most-hospital-beds/): South Korean municipalities ranked by official hospital beds per 100,000 residents. - [US cities with the lowest uninsured share](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/us-cities-lowest-uninsured-share/): US city records ranked by the published share of residents without health insurance. ### Migration Support - [Benefits newcomers may qualify for by country](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/migrant-benefit-eligibility/): A source-backed directory of public benefit schemes whose official rules name eligible residence or migration statuses and an official information or application route. - [Language and integration programmes by country](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/language-and-integration-programmes/): Current official language and integration programmes, retaining programme scope, target groups and the direct official route. ### Other - [Countries ranked by English proficiency](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-ranked-by-english-proficiency/): The EF English Proficiency Index, a test-based score for adults in countries where English is not the first language. Higher is stronger. Destinations where English is an official language carry no score and are absent from this table rather than ranked at the top. - [Countries ranked by fixed broadband penetration](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-ranked-by-broadband-penetration/): Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. It measures how widely fixed connections are taken up, not the speed of any one of them. - [Countries ranked by road traffic deaths](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-ranked-by-road-traffic-deaths/): Road traffic deaths per 100,000 people per year, on one shared WHO observation year for all 39 destinations. - [German cities with the highest gigabit broadband availability](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/germany-highest-gigabit-broadband-availability/): German city records ranked by published gigabit broadband availability. - [Most international cities in Australia](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/australia-most-international-cities/): Australia cities ranked by the published share of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [Most international cities in Austria](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/austria-most-international-cities/): Austria cities ranked by the published share of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [Most international cities in Belgium](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/belgium-most-international-cities/): Belgium cities ranked by the published share of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [Most international cities in Bulgaria](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/bulgaria-most-international-cities/): Bulgaria cities ranked by the published share of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [Most international cities in Canada](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/canada-most-international-cities/): Canada cities ranked by the published share of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [Most international cities in Finland](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/finland-most-international-cities/): Finland cities ranked by the published share of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [Most international cities in France](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/france-most-international-cities/): France cities ranked by the published share of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [Most international cities in Germany](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/germany-most-international-cities/): Germany cities ranked by the published share of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [Most international cities in Ireland](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/ireland-most-international-cities/): Ireland cities ranked by the published share of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [Most international cities in Italy](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/italy-most-international-cities/): Italy cities ranked by the published share of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [Most international cities in Japan](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/japan-most-international-cities/): Japan cities ranked by the published share of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [Most international cities in Netherlands](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/netherlands-most-international-cities/): Netherlands cities ranked by the published share of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [Most international cities in New Zealand](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/new-zealand-most-international-cities/): New Zealand cities ranked by the published share of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [Most international cities in Poland](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/poland-most-international-cities/): Poland cities ranked by the published share of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [Most international cities in Portugal](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/portugal-most-international-cities/): Portugal cities ranked by the published share of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [Most international cities in Spain](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/spain-most-international-cities/): Spain cities ranked by the published share of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [Most international cities in Sweden](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/sweden-most-international-cities/): Sweden cities ranked by the published share of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [Most international cities in United Kingdom](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/united-kingdom-most-international-cities/): United Kingdom cities ranked by the published share of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [Most international cities in United States](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/united-states-most-international-cities/): United States cities ranked by the published share of foreign residents; definitions remain source-specific. - [South Korean cities with the highest housing vacancy](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/south-korea-highest-housing-vacancy/): South Korean municipalities ranked by the official housing-vacancy rate for the same source family and period. - [South Korean cities with the largest housing stock](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/south-korea-largest-housing-stock/): South Korean municipalities ranked by the official number of dwellings. - [US cities with the highest bachelor’s-degree share](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/us-cities-highest-bachelors-share/): US city records ranked by the ACS share of adults with a bachelor’s degree or higher. - [US cities with the lowest median home values](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/us-cities-lowest-home-values/): US city records ranked by ACS median owner-occupied home value. ### Safety - [City hubs with the lowest published recorded-crime rate](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/cities-with-lowest-recorded-crime/): Recorded incidents per 100,000 residents across capital, migration and major city hubs. Definitions vary by authority, so each row keeps its source and date. - [Countries ranked by homicide rate](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-ranked-by-homicide-rate/): Intentional homicides per 100,000 people, from national statistics. It is one recorded-crime measure and not a general safety index; recording practice differs between countries and the source is named on every row. - [German cities with the lowest recorded crime rate](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/germany-lowest-recorded-crime/): German cities ranked by police-recorded incidents per 100,000 residents, lowest first. Recording practice is national, which keeps the ranking comparable inside Germany. - [Safest cities in Austria by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/austria-safest-cities/): Austria cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. Differences in reporting practice remain visible in the sources. - [Safest cities in Belgium by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/belgium-safest-cities/): Belgium cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. Differences in reporting practice remain visible in the sources. - [Safest cities in Canada by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/canada-safest-cities/): Canada cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. Differences in reporting practice remain visible in the sources. - [Safest cities in Denmark by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/denmark-safest-cities/): Denmark cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. Differences in reporting practice remain visible in the sources. - [Safest cities in Finland by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/finland-safest-cities/): Finland cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. Differences in reporting practice remain visible in the sources. - [Safest cities in France by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/france-safest-cities/): France cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. Differences in reporting practice remain visible in the sources. - [Safest cities in Germany by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/germany-safest-cities/): Germany cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. Differences in reporting practice remain visible in the sources. - [Safest cities in Italy by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/italy-safest-cities/): Italy cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. Differences in reporting practice remain visible in the sources. - [Safest cities in Japan by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/japan-safest-cities/): Japan cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. Differences in reporting practice remain visible in the sources. - [Safest cities in Lithuania by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/lithuania-safest-cities/): Lithuania cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. Differences in reporting practice remain visible in the sources. - [Safest cities in Netherlands by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/netherlands-safest-cities/): Netherlands cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. Differences in reporting practice remain visible in the sources. - [Safest cities in Norway by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/norway-safest-cities/): Norway cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. Differences in reporting practice remain visible in the sources. - [Safest cities in Poland by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/poland-safest-cities/): Poland cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. Differences in reporting practice remain visible in the sources. - [Safest cities in Slovakia by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/slovakia-safest-cities/): Slovakia cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. Differences in reporting practice remain visible in the sources. - [Safest cities in South Korea by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/south-korea-safest-cities/): South Korean cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. - [Safest cities in Spain by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/spain-safest-cities/): Spain cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. Differences in reporting practice remain visible in the sources. - [Safest cities in Sweden by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/sweden-safest-cities/): Sweden cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. Differences in reporting practice remain visible in the sources. - [Safest cities in Switzerland by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/switzerland-safest-cities/): Switzerland cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. Differences in reporting practice remain visible in the sources. - [Safest cities in United Kingdom by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/united-kingdom-safest-cities/): United Kingdom cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. Differences in reporting practice remain visible in the sources. - [Safest cities in United States by recorded crime](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/united-states-safest-cities/): United States cities ranked by recorded incidents per 100,000 residents. Differences in reporting practice remain visible in the sources. - [US cities with the lowest recorded property-crime rate](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/us-cities-lowest-property-crime-rate/): US city records ranked by reported property offences per 100,000 residents; agency coverage remains visible. - [US cities with the lowest recorded violent-crime rate](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/us-cities-lowest-violent-crime-rate/): US city records ranked by reported violent offences per 100,000 residents; agency coverage must be read with each source. ### Tax - [Countries ranked by corporate tax rate](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-ranked-by-corporate-tax-rate/): The headline statutory corporate income tax rate. It does not include local surcharges, reduced rates, exemptions, tax bases or incentives, so it is not the effective rate a particular company pays. - [Countries ranked by standard VAT rate](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-ranked-by-standard-vat-rate/): The standard national value-added tax or goods-and-services tax rate. Reduced and zero rates, exemptions and territory-specific rules are outside this comparison. - [Countries ranked by statutory minimum wage](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-ranked-by-minimum-wage/): The national statutory gross minimum wage per hour, in euros at the ECB rate, before tax and contributions and not adjusted for prices. The United States and Canada show the federal rate, and states and provinces often set a higher one; Japan shows the national weighted average of its prefectural rates. Destinations that set pay by collective agreement (Austria, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland) or have no national minimum (UAE, Saudi Arabia) are absent rather than ranked at zero. - [Countries ranked by top income tax rate](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-ranked-by-top-income-tax-rate/): The top statutory personal income tax rate. It is the rate on the highest bracket, not an effective rate, and it excludes social contributions, regional surcharges and the allowances that decide what anyone actually pays. - [Standardized employee gross-to-net scenarios by country](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/standardized-gross-to-net-employee-scenarios/): Official model outputs for a single employee without children at 100% of the national average wage, keeping each country’s native currency, tax year and source assumptions. ### Visas - [Countries ranked by migrant integration policy (MIPEX)](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-ranked-by-migrant-integration-policy/): The Migrant Integration Policy Index scores a country's policies on labour market mobility, family reunification, education, health, political participation, permanent residence, nationality and anti-discrimination. Higher is more favourable. This ranks the 39 destinations ImmigrationDB publishes, not every country MIPEX scores. - [Countries with a family reunification route](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/family-reunification-visa-countries/): Current family migration routes by destination with direct authority sources. - [Countries with a highly skilled work route](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/highly-skilled-work-visa-countries/): Current highly skilled migration routes by destination, preserving the official route name and source locator. - [Countries with an official digital-nomad or remote-work route](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/digital-nomad-visa-countries/): Current destination routes explicitly classified as remote or digital-nomad pathways, with the official source and exact locator. - [Countries with startup or entrepreneur visa routes](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/startup-and-entrepreneur-visa-countries/): Current entrepreneur and startup pathways by destination with route-specific official evidence. - [Digital-nomad and remote-work visa income requirements](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/digital-nomad-visa-income-requirements/): A threshold table that preserves original currency, period and gross/net language instead of silently converting or presenting approximations as legal rules. - [Permanent residence routes by country](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/permanent-residence-routes-by-country/): Current permanent-residence pathways by destination, without inferring eligibility across countries. - [Schengen short-stay visa requirements and timing](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/schengen-visa-requirements/): One canonical, EU-source-backed report for short-stay eligibility, timing, insurance and core documents. Filing fees are deliberately excluded from this report. - [Study visa routes by country](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/study-visa-routes-by-country/): Current study migration routes by destination, using the accepted official route registry. - [UK Skilled Worker visa salary threshold](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/uk-skilled-worker-visa-salary-threshold/): A source-backed explanation of the general threshold, occupation going-rate comparison and lower-salary cases; it is not a single universal salary number. ### Work - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Australia](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/australia-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Australia municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Austria](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/austria-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Austria municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Belgium](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/belgium-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Belgium municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Bulgaria](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/bulgaria-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Bulgaria municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Canada](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/canada-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Canada municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Czechia](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/czechia-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Czechia municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Denmark](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/denmark-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Denmark municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Finland](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/finland-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Finland municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in France](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/france-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): France municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Germany](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/germany-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Germany municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Greece](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/greece-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Greece municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Hungary](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/hungary-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Hungary municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Ireland](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/ireland-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Ireland municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Italy](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/italy-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Italy municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Japan](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/japan-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Japan municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Lithuania](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/lithuania-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Lithuania municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Netherlands](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/netherlands-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Netherlands municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in New Zealand](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/new-zealand-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): New Zealand municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Norway](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/norway-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Norway municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Poland](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/poland-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Poland municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Portugal](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/portugal-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Portugal municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Slovakia](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/slovakia-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Slovakia municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Slovenia](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/slovenia-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Slovenia municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Spain](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/spain-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Spain municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Sweden](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/sweden-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Sweden municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in Switzerland](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/switzerland-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): Switzerland municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in United Kingdom](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/united-kingdom-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): United Kingdom municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with lowest unemployment in United States](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/united-states-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): United States municipalities ranked by their own published total unemployment rate, without regional substitutes. - [Cities with the highest published monthly salaries](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/cities-highest-published-monthly-salaries/): Published gross monthly salary observations in euros across available countries and city hubs, with source scope and date retained. - [Cities with the lowest published unemployment](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): A source-backed comparison of published unemployment percentages, with the geographic scope and date available in each source. - [Countries ranked by GDP per capita](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-ranked-by-gdp-per-capita/): Current GDP per capita in US dollars for the 39 published destinations. It measures the size of an economy per person, not what a person earns or keeps. - [Countries ranked by grocery price level](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-ranked-by-grocery-prices/): Eurostat's price level index for food and non-alcoholic beverages, EU average = 100: below 100 the same basket costs less than the EU average. It compares price levels, not what incomes buy. It covers the EU, EFTA, the UK and candidate countries only. - [Countries ranked by labour force participation](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-ranked-by-labour-force-participation/): The share of the working-age population in the labour force, employed or looking for work. It says how many people are in the market, not how easy it is to enter it. - [Countries ranked by statutory paid annual leave](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-ranked-by-paid-annual-leave/): The minimum paid annual leave the law gives a full-time employee on a five-day week, in working days and without public holidays (Eurofound, 2022). Collective agreements and contracts often give more. Destinations outside the Eurofound comparison are absent rather than ranked at zero. - [Countries ranked by usual weekly working hours](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-ranked-by-weekly-working-hours/): Average usual weekly hours of full-time employees in their main job, from the Eurostat labour force survey and the OECD for destinations outside it. It is what full-time work usually takes, not the legal limit, and it says nothing about overtime pay. - [Countries with the highest published family income after groceries and utilities](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-highest-family-income-after-essentials/): Published monthly net family income minus the same-source groceries and utilities fields. Housing, childcare and filing fees are deliberately outside this comparison. - [Countries with the highest published single income after groceries and utilities](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/countries-highest-single-income-after-essentials/): Published monthly net income for a standardized single profile minus the same-source groceries and utilities fields. It is not a full disposable-income budget because rent is excluded. - [Highest salary cities in Canada](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/canada-highest-salary-cities/): Canada cities ranked by the city-level median gross monthly salary, with each observation period and source retained. - [Highest salary cities in Germany](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/germany-highest-salary-cities/): Germany cities ranked by the city-level median gross monthly salary, with each observation period and source retained. - [Highest salary cities in Poland](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/poland-highest-salary-cities/): Poland cities ranked by the city-level median gross monthly salary, with each observation period and source retained. - [Highest salary cities in Portugal](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/portugal-highest-salary-cities/): Portugal cities ranked by the city-level median gross monthly salary, with each observation period and source retained. - [Highest salary cities in United Kingdom](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/united-kingdom-highest-salary-cities/): United Kingdom cities ranked by the city-level median gross monthly salary, with each observation period and source retained. - [Highest salary cities in United States](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/united-states-highest-salary-cities/): United States cities ranked by the city-level median gross monthly salary, with each observation period and source retained. - [Public employment services by country](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/public-employment-services/): Official public employment services, registration and job-search routes for newcomers, without treating private recruiters or unverified local offices as national coverage. - [South Korean cities with the lowest published unemployment](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/south-korea-cities-with-lowest-unemployment/): South Korean municipalities ranked by the official published unemployment rate, with period and source retained. - [US cities with the highest median household income](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/us-cities-highest-household-income/): US city records ranked by ACS median household income in US dollars per year. - [US cities with the highest public-transit commute share](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/us-cities-highest-transit-commute-share/): US city records ranked by the ACS share of workers commuting by public transport. - [US cities with the highest walking commute share](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/us-cities-highest-walking-commute-share/): US city records ranked by the ACS share of workers who walk to work. - [US cities with the highest work-from-home share](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/us-cities-most-work-from-home/): US city records ranked by the ACS share of workers who work from home. - [US cities with the lowest rent burden](https://immigrationdb.com/reports/us-cities-lowest-rent-burden/): US city records ranked by the share of renter households spending at least 30% of income on rent. ## Research Data-led analyses written from the same source records as the rest of the site. Each article has a JSON record and a Markdown twin. - [Cities where property may lag improving fundamentals](https://immigrationdb.com/research/undervalued-property-markets/) — A provisional screen of cities where population or labour conditions improved while property measures lagged local benchmarks, with residence-route checks. (markdown: https://immigrationdb.com/data/research/undervalued-property-markets.md) - [Selected golden visa routes: investment amounts and restrictions](https://immigrationdb.com/research/golden-visa/) — A source-backed subset of investor residence, permanent residence and business-linked routes, with native amounts and official conditions. (markdown: https://immigrationdb.com/data/research/golden-visa.md) - [Moving with a pet: confirmed entry rules for selected destinations](https://immigrationdb.com/research/pet-index/) — A source-backed guide to confirmed pet-entry rules for selected EU and non-EU destinations, with origin, species and route limits stated. (markdown: https://immigrationdb.com/data/research/pet-index.md) - [Warmth and unemployment reverse direction by country](https://immigrationdb.com/research/warmer-cities-unemployment/) — Do warmer cities have higher unemployment? Across 15,107 cities in 35 countries, the relationship reverses direction, making the pooled 0.10 misleading. (markdown: https://immigrationdb.com/data/research/warmer-cities-unemployment.md) - [How much climate choice remains after choosing a country](https://immigrationdb.com/research/country-city-climate-choice/) — Does choosing a country decide your climate? Across 17,525 cities in 32 countries, city-level differences account for 50.4% of seasonal-spread variation. (markdown: https://immigrationdb.com/data/research/country-city-climate-choice.md) - [City size often tracks recorded crime, but density may not](https://immigrationdb.com/research/city-size-recorded-crime/) — Are smaller cities safer? Across 16,240 places, city size usually tracks recorded crime, but density, data grain and country context can reverse the result. (markdown: https://immigrationdb.com/data/research/city-size-recorded-crime.md) - [The unemployment–crime link changes sharply by country](https://immigrationdb.com/research/unemployment-recorded-crime/) — Does unemployment cause crime? City-level data cannot answer causation: within 18 countries, unemployment–crime correlations range from −0.249 to 0.683. (markdown: https://immigrationdb.com/data/research/unemployment-recorded-crime.md) - [The cities gaining migrants are not the cities that are growing](https://immigrationdb.com/research/where-people-actually-move/) — Across 422 cities, foreign-population growth is almost unrelated to whether the city is growing at all: 0.11 pooled, zero or negative by country. (markdown: https://immigrationdb.com/data/research/where-people-actually-move.md) - [Where foreign populations grew, unemployment fell](https://immigrationdb.com/research/migration-work-direction/) — Does migration follow work? Pooled across 361 cities the link looks absent at 0.06 — but Germany is −0.42 and Italy −0.37 once the countries are separated. (markdown: https://immigrationdb.com/data/research/migration-work-direction.md) - [More foreign residents, more crime? The answer changes at every border](https://immigrationdb.com/research/foreign-population-recorded-crime/) — More foreign residents, more crime? It depends on the country: 0.04 in Germany and France, 0.09 in the US, 0.49 in Spain and 0.61 in Finland. (markdown: https://immigrationdb.com/data/research/foreign-population-recorded-crime.md) - [The highest salary is rarely the best offer](https://immigrationdb.com/research/gross-salary-tax-cost-gap/) — Gross salary does not say what is left after tax. Across 31 countries pay tracks grocery prices at 0.80, and the ranking mixes two source families. (markdown: https://immigrationdb.com/data/research/gross-salary-tax-cost-gap.md) - [German rent tracks density and jobs — not crime, not clean air](https://immigrationdb.com/research/german-rent-price-signals/) — What does German rent price in? Across 399 districts it tracks density and size, moves against unemployment, and barely moves with crime or air quality. (markdown: https://immigrationdb.com/data/research/german-rent-price-signals.md) - [Clean air barely shows up in the rent](https://immigrationdb.com/research/clean-air-rent-premium/) — Do you pay more rent for cleaner air? Across 397 German housing markets the link is weak — Spearman −0.12 — and 32 districts sit below the median on both. (markdown: https://immigrationdb.com/data/research/clean-air-rent-premium.md)